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Osteoporosis is a metabolic bone in which bone is destroyed, which makes the bones become more brittle, leading to increased risk of fractures. Osteoporosis (and osteopenia, which refers to low bone density in general), can affect people of all ages. Loss of bone mass in adolescence and early adulthood may be due to inability to achieve maximum bone density and accelerated bone loss may be especially noted around menopause and subsequent years. Many factors, including lack of proper nutrition and exercise, contribute to bone loss during these periods. It can also occur as a result of numerous basic conditions, many of which are often not evident during a visit to the doctor. Thus, laboratory tests, including serum and urine studies useful in distinguishing secondary to investigate. A common misconception is that osteoporosis is a disease only found in older people. However, it is very typical for young people, even in their teens and twenties, are diagnosed with osteopenia or osteoporosis. The diagnosis may become apparent after the development of fractures, although you have osteopenia or osteoporosis without fracture. Risk factors for osteopenia and osteoporosis include personal history of fracture, eating disorders, or excessive use

such as oral corticosteroids (eg, hydrocortisone). Young athletes are at particular risk. For example, the female athlete triad is a condition where in a disorderly eating, amenorrhea, and osteopenia. This triad is a serious problem in young athletes who restrict their calorie intake and exercise excessively, thus developing amenorrhea. This condition prevents the achievement of peak bone mass occurs during the critical years of bone building, at the age of 30. Bone density lost during this period is not fully recovered from the possible return of normal menstrual function. This is why prevention in young women sporting the best cure. Identification of osteopenia and osteoporosis in young persons in some respects even more important than in older people because these people have less bone density at the outset, and they have a higher chance of developing more severe osteoporosis throughout life, including complications such as multiple fractures and spinal deformities. Thus, it should be emphasized that people with fractures or risk factors for osteopenia and osteoporosis are careful evaluation for appropriate treatment and careful observation. Another common and dangerous error is the association of osteoporosis in women, an opinion that ignores 20% of all cases. As a result, people with fractures or other significant risk factors for osteoporosis, such as prolonged treatment with corticosteroids or oral medications interfere with male hormones, often underestimate the risks. Diagnosis of osteoporosis by BMD with (bone mineral density) test. BMD measured

(DXA - usually pronounced "DEXA"), which measures the mineral content and bone size. Another method of DXA images, instant vertebral assessment (IVA), also known as morphometric X-ray densitometry (MHA), determines the shape of the body of vertebrates. This can help detect early vertebral fractures was shown to detect these fractures by almost 20% of asymptomatic women. Interpretation of results on should be made with caution, as there are potential confusing factors. For example, the presence of osteoarthritis in the spine BMD may seem better than it actually is, raising reading. Lateral spine DXA selectively measures the spine without interference trabekulyarnoy neural processes and seem more sensitive to developmental bone loss than posterior, anterior DXA. Hip-PRO is more accurate in women over 60 years, since the prevalence of osteoarthritis in the spine in elderly people. Precision error should be considered when evaluating serial examinations ABOUT. Such errors can be amplified when different DXA machines used and the results compared. Some people with osteoporosis and fractures suspected osteopenia and osteoporosis should undergo thorough laboratory research, consisting of blood and urine tests to rule out secondary causes of osteoporosis. Laboratory studies include a complete metabolic panel, complete blood count, ESR, parathyroid hormone, thyroid hormones, urinary N-telopeptydu and 24 hours urine, among others. These laboratories can assess for bone and helps to exclude the presence of underlying conditions such as hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, and rarely conditions such as bone marrow diseases like multiple myeloma. The frequency of the main conditions in women with bone loss is about 9% and the incidence increases significantly from 66% in men with bone loss. Since the presence of vertebral deformity increases the risk of additional fractures and fractures of the hip, radiographs can be very important to help detect the presence of quiet fractures, especially of the spine. Patients with vertebral deformities have 5. 4 and 2. 8 the relative risk of spine and hip fractures, respectively. In addition, although not specific, or used as a diagnostic tool, the appearance on the radiograph of the bones lasix 30 mg can give a rough estimation of bone density. Once the causes of osteoporosis and osteopenia are defined, the appropriate treatment. Comprehensive Approach Treatment includes medical and non-medical management:

Treatment of osteoporosis treatment involves administration of calcium and vitamin D and additional anti-osteoporosis drugs, and correction of the basic conditions. For example, hyperthyroidism may require medical and / or surgical correction. Specific deficiencies of calcium and vitamin D, require adequate supplements. The first line of treatment for osteoporosis and osteopenia is made up of calcium and vitamin D. and bisphosphonates drugs. Bisphosphonates, which are anti-resorptive medications or medications that slow bone destruction, this class of drugs, including oral alendronate (fosamaks) and ryzedronat (Actonel), and intravenous Aredia (pamidronat) ibandronat (Boniva). Unlike bisphosphonates, is anabolic agents that stimulate bone formation. Parathyroid hormone (Forteo) is one such stimulant drugs. Non-medical prevention and treatment of osteoporosis exercises weight bearing is necessary in order to stimulate adequate bone formation, and exercises such as running and jumping, as shown particularly effective in increasing bone formation. Fall prevention includes measures such as changing your environment, minimizing medication known to increase risk of falls, wear appropriate footwear, and participation in implementing programs that increase strength, balance and flexibility. In addition, prevention of fractures of the hip joint can be achieved using hip protectors, which are external orthosis help absorb the force of falling. Good nutritional value is important - especially women - to ensure the preservation of the menstrual cycle. Inadequate caloric intake can lead to cessation of menstruation, leading to bone loss. Menstrual disorders cycle should be adjusted as necessary by the decision of aberrant model is to restore proper energy balance and the return of normal menstruation. Treatment with oral contraceptives or other procedures may be necessary. Osteopenia and osteoporosis are conditions that are highly treatable. However, early diagnosis and treatment is essential to prevent complications of osteoporosis, such as cracks and deformation. Unfortunately, treatment options osteopenia and osteoporosis are often overlooked, but also appropriate training of physicians can provide comprehensive treatment programs include medical and non-medical management of these conditions. .